Which factors may affect the volume of cardiac output? (Select all that apply.)
a. Heart rate
b. Peripheral pulses
c. Preload
d. Contraction strength
e. Afterload
A, C, D, E
The amount of cardiac output depends on the heart rate, the amount of blood returning to the heart (venous return or preload), the strength of contraction, and the resistance to the ejection of the blood (afterload). Peripheral pulses are dependent on cardiac output.
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