In their early teens, Jack, Cole, and Hardy live in areas where both conventional and delinquent activities are limited and adult role models are in absentia. Applying differential opportunity theory, Jack, Cole, and Hardy are likely to join one of three types of gangs to in order to achieve what they consider success. Jack, for example, lives on the fringe of society and is constantly looking
for ways to get high—he has consumed alcohol, smoked pot, and enjoys what some would consider unusual sexual experiences. He has been involved in a few fights, but is not very good at fighting. Since Jack spends a lot of time high, it is difficult to know if his failed attempts at fighting were due to fear, clumsiness, or sheer weakness. What type of gang will Jack join?
a. Conflict gang
b. Criminal gang
c. Rebellion gang
d. Retreatist gang
d
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