Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and relate to ATP production. What will be an ideal response?
ANSWER: Mitochondria are enclosed by a double membrane. An outer membrane that surrounds the
organelle itself and an inner membrane that contains numerous folds. There are two spaces
within the organelle. The space between the two membranes is the outer compartment and
the innermost space is surrounded by the internal membrane.
The innermost cavity is where the Krebs cycle reactions occur. During this process, two ATP
molecules are produced and H+ are captured by NAD and FAD. These carries transport the
H+ to the inner membrane where they are pumped into the outer compartment via the
electron transport system. These ions accumulate in the outer compartment and a
concentration gradient is established. As the ions flow down their concentration gradient they
pass through an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP.
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A surprising finding of environmental metagenomic studies is that a majority of genes in the environment are
A) from microbes grown in the lab. B) viral in origin. C) eukaryotic in origin. D) from extinct microorganisms.
Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F)
1. G proteins and Ras are activated when bound to guanosine diphosphate. 2. One common feature with G-protein coupled, enzyme-linked, and growth factor receptors is that their activation leads to activation of protein kinases. 3. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase C in producing a cell response. 4. If IP3 binds a Ca2+ ligand-gated ion channel in the endoplasmic reticulum then cytosolic Ca2+ levels will rise in the cell.
What would you anticipate would be true about the metabolism of a bacterial species isolated from water samples, one at the surface and another from a hot vent on the ocean floor?
A) The species from the water surface would be more likely to be able to conduct photosynthesis. B) The species from the hot vent would be more likely to be able to conduct photosynthesis. C) The species from the hot vent would be more likely to be able to fix nitrogen. D) The species from the hot vent would be more likely to be able to degrade oil.
The loss of which species on the figure above represents the loss of the most significant phylogenetic diver-sity?
a. A b. B c. C d. D e. D and E