Which one of the following hypothetical syllogisms is not valid?

a. If P, then Q.
P.
Therefore, Q.
b. If P, then Q.
Not Q.
Therefore, not P.
c. If and only if P, then Q.
Not P.
Therefore, not Q.
d. If P, then Q.
Not P.
Therefore, not Q.


d

Philosophy & Belief

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