Finely carved Hopewell effigy pipes have been interpreted as ritual artifacts. Robert L. Hall argued from ethnographic analogy in the late 1970s that these pipes did not
a. represent ritual weapons (atlatls).
b. function as peace pipes functioned historically.
c. help maintain relationships between communities, reducing regional differences and promoting contact and communication.
d. correspond to the curvature of an atlatl.
e. have the same functions as the calumet (ritual arrow) of historic times.
d
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