Regarding learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Classical and operant conditioning involve reflexive or skilled learning and do not involve any "mental" elements.
b. As humans, we are greatly affected by information, expectations, perceptions, and mental images.
c. Cognitive learning involves memory, thinking, problem solving, and language.
d. As a human, you can anticipate future reward or punishment and react accordingly.
A
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Montana and Sarah are playing cards. Montana has a great hand—four aces—while Sarah's hand is just average—a 2 of hearts, a 3 of spades, a 5 of spades, and a 7 of clubs. Even though the statistical probability of both hands is the same, many people (incorrectly) assume that Montana's exact hand is rarer than Sarah's exact hand. This common misconception stems most directly from the ____
a. base rate fallacy b. representativeness heuristic c. availability heuristic d. false consensus effect
Which of the following statements is true?
a. Humans are the only species that recognize violations of distributive justice. b. Even primates react negatively when they are overbenefitted by positive inequity. c. Some primates, such as capuchins, respond negatively when they are “paid” less than others for the same amount of work. d. Except for humans, primates suffer from “reciprocity blindness”: they cannot distinguish between equitable and inequitable reward distributions. e. Only humans display free-riding.
If a study has high ecological validity, then the most likely conclusion is that
a. it had a large number of participants. b. it was conducted with animals, taking proper cautions about their safety. c. the results could be applied in real-world situations. d. the study was conducted by researchers with a behaviorist approach.
_____ is credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany
A) Gustav Theodor Fechner B) Sigmund Freud C) Wilhelm Wundt D) William James