There are two ways in which Earth's layers can be classified: chemical composition and physical properties. Briefly describe the different layers by their chemical composition and then by their physical properties

Answer 1

When classifying the layers by their chemical properties, they can be divided into crust, mantle, and core. The crust beneath the ocean differs in thickness, composition, and age from the crust of the continents. The relatively thin oceanic crust is primarily basalt, a heavy dark-colored rock composed mostly of oxygen, silicon, magnesium, and iron. By contrast, the most common material in the thicker continental crust is granite, a familiar speckled rock composed mainly of oxygen, silicon, and aluminum. The mantle, the layer beneath the crust, is thought to consist mainly of oxygen, iron, magnesium, and silicon. The outer and inner cores, which consist mainly of iron and nickel, lie beneath the mantle at Earth's center.
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Different conditions of temperature and pressure occur at different depths, and these conditions influence the physical properties of the materials. The behavior of a rock is determined by three factors: temperature, pressure, and the rate at which a deforming force (stress) is applied. Geologists have, therefore, devised another classification of Earth's interior based on physical properties. The lithosphere is the cool, rigid outer layer composed of the continental and oceanic crusts and the uppermost cool and rigid portion of the mantle. The asthenosphere is the hot, partially melted, slowly flowing layer of the upper mantle below the lithosphere. The lower mantle extends down to the core. The mantle below the asthenosphere does not melt because of rapidly increasing pressure. As a result, it is denser and flows much more slowly. The core has two parts. The outer core is a very dense, viscous liquid. The inner core is a solid and is even denser.