Which of the following is true about naturalistic observational methods in psychological research?
a. They are still almost exclusively done in a laboratory environment, for the most part.
b. They involve little manipulation of the environmenton the researcher's part.
c. They are almost always immune from issues such as the Hawthorne effect because the participants are not actively participating in the research.
d. It is an effective method for establishing causality with few ethical concerns.
Answer: b. They involve little manipulation of the environmenton the researcher's part.
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