Compare and contrast infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A) and hepatitis C in terms of agents, transmission, prevention, and disease outcomes.
What will be an ideal response?
Both viruses are unsegmented positive-sense RNA viruses, and both target the liver.
Hepatitis A is a naked capsid virus transmitted by the fecal-oral route. It can persist on fomites and is resistant to some disinfectants. Nonetheless, good personal hygiene and food-handling practices can reduce transmission. a vaccine is available that prevents infection. Infectious hepatitis is an acute disease that rarely causes lasting liver damage.
Hepatitis C is an enveloped virus transmitted in bodily fluids. The presence of the envelope makes the virus much more fragile, and the virus does not persist on fomites. No vaccine is available to prevent transmission. Transmission is prevented by avoiding unprotected contact with infected bodily fluids and by screening blood products and organs. Hepatitis C infection produces chronic disease that may remain asymptomatic for decades. About 20% of infections may progress to symptomatic liver damage or failure, and a small percentage results in liver cancer.
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Which form(s) of nitrogen is(are) unusable by plants?
a. ammonium b. nitrates c. nitrogen gas d. More than one of these answers is correct.
Which one of the following is mismatched?
a. bread mold?zygomycetes b. Allomyces–chytridiomycetes c. mushrooms–basidiomycetes d. sac fungi?ascomycetes e. Dutch elm disease–glomeromycetes
In order to mount a response, particular B or T cells must express the appropriate ________ that will bind to the ________.
A) antigen : antibody B) antigen : antigen receptor C) epitope : antigen D) antigenic determinant : antigen E) antigen receptor : antigen