Which of the following may be associated with nosocomial disease?
A. Enterococcus species.
B.
Clostridium difficile.
C. Pseudomonas species.
D. Staphylococcus aureus.
E. All of the choices are correct.
E
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Many receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathways lead to the activation of Ras. To activate Ras, it is necessary to recruit a guanine nucleotide exchange factor to the plasma membrane, because Ras is a membrane associated protein. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors, such as SOS, stimulate the exchange of GDP for GTP. However, SOS cannot bind directly to most RTKs. The protein Grb2 has a domain that
can bind to phosphorylated tyrosines, and another domain that can bind to SOS. Therefore, Grb2 can bind to active RTKs and recruit SOS to the plasma membrane. Grb2 is an example of what kind of signaling molecule? A. Scaffold B. Adapter protein C. Second messenger D. Enzyme
Chargaff showed that DNA in several species contains equal amounts guanine and ________.
A) nitrogen B) thymine C) cytosine D) adenine
Which of the following must occur in order to maintain a high pressure potential within guard cells?
A. Energy must be constantly expended. B. Stomata must take up more oxygen and less carbon dioxide. C. Water must exit guard cells by osmosis. D. Potassium ions must be actively transported out. E. The rate of transpiration must increase.
What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?
A) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons, whereas ionic bonds involve the sharing of protons. B) Covalent bonds involve the attraction between slightly charged molecules, whereas ionic bonds involve the attraction between two fully charged ions. C) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of neutrons, whereas ionic bonds involve the attraction of slightly charged atoms. D) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons, whereas ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.