Social Disorganization Theory was first popularized by the work of:
a. Robert Park and Ethan Hawkins
b. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
c. Robert Shaw and Franklin Noble
d. Clifford Akers and Robert Shaw
b
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House arrest is a valuable alternative to prison for ________
a. violent offenders b. white-collar criminals c. offenders with long criminal records d. offenders with special needs
Effective security and custody placement can reduce all of the following except ______.
a. fear b. violence c. escapes d. staff turnover
The medical model of probation was popular in which of the following time periods?
a. the 1920s through 1930s b. the 1980s through 1990s c. the 1940s through 1960s d. the 1970s through 1980s
Which of the following statements about specific deterrence is false?
a. Kids who are placed in a juvenile justice facility are just as likely to become adult criminals as those treated with greater leniency. b. The association between punishment and desistance is logical, and there is plenty of evidence that punitive measures alone deter future delinquency. c. A history of prior arrests, convictions, and punishments has proven to be the best predictor of re-arrest among young offenders released from correctional institutions. d. Punishment strategies may stigmatize kids and help lock offenders into a delinquent career.