Describe how GABAA receptors mediate alcohol’s reinforcing effects.
What will be an ideal response?
Ans: Alcohol facilitates GABAA receptor activation in the nucleus accumbens. alcohol activates GABAA
receptors located on GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area. The activation of these receptors causes reduced GABA release, in turn decreasing the inhibition of dopamine neurons. Reduced inhibition of dopamine neurons results in enhanced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, a known rewarding action.
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A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl then starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over, in the hope of getting a similar reward. The girl's learning to share is an example of __________.
A. classical conditioning B. operant conditioning C. contingency theory D. observational learning
Stress moderator variables
a. filter the usual effects of stressors. b. increase the potential impact of a stressor. c. are always psychological factors. d. typically eliminate the source of stress.
When the rostral part of the neural tube fails to close, what disorder typically results?
A. anencephaly B. Down syndrome C. Williams syndrome D. spina bifida
When people suffer from chronic traumatic encephalopathy,
their prospects for recovery are not good because the brain damage from these head traumas can be extensive and often triggers a. multiple sclerosis. b. increased neuroplasticity. c. constraint-induced movement disorder. d. a subsequent disease process that continues to damage the brain.