Among Natterjack toads in northern Europe, males produce booming calls to attract females. Females desire large males and the size of the male determines the volume of the call. Why is the Natterjack's call considered an "honest signal"?
a) because the call of the Natterjack male accurately provides both distance and direction to the female
b) because the female Natterjack toads were taught by their mothers to avoid dishonest signals
c) because the call of a large Natterjack male cannot be faked by a smaller Natterjack male
d) because the large Natterjack males invest more parental effort than smaller Natterjack males
e) because the female Natterjack toads can detect a booming call from a small toad.
Ans: c) because the call of a large Natterjack male cannot be faked by a smaller Natterjack male
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