According to the Hardy-Weinberg law, the genotype frequencies of dominant homozygotes, heterozygotes, and
recessive homozygotes are represented by p2, q2, and 2pq, respectively, where p is the frequency of the dominant allele
and q is the frequency of the recessive allele. Explain how this formula was derived. What will be an ideal response?
ANSWER: In Hardy–Weinberg calculations, p represents the frequency of the dominant allele and q
represents the frequency of the recessive allele. Because the sum of p and q represents 100%
of the alleles for that gene in the population, p + q = 1. A Punnett square can be used to
predict the genotypes produced by the random combination of these gametes. A look at the
Punnett square shows that the frequency of homozygous genotypes with two copies of the
dominant allele is represented as p2 , because p X p= p2; the frequency of heterozygous
genotypes with one copy of each allele is represented as 2pq (pq + qp); and the frequency of
homozygous recessive genotypes is represented as q2 because q X q= q2. When added
together, the frequencies of these three genotypes represent 100% of the genotypes for this
gene in the population
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