Which of the following variables are missing from both the Health Belief Model (HBM) and Health Promotion Model (HPM)? (Select all that apply.)

Question

a. Ignoring the impact of being socially and politically disenfranchised
b. Inaccessibility of health services
c. Nurse's responsibility to give power and control to the individual and the community
d. Omitting the influence of social, structural, and physical environmental factors
e. Reality of negative outcomes if appropriate behavioral changes are not made
f.
Recognizing the influence of families on the individual's decisions

Answer 1

ANS: A, B, D
The models are very useful in relation to changing individual behaviors, but they do not address the complex relationships among social, structural, and physical factors in the environment, such as lack of social support systems or inaccessible health services. Changes are needed to improve care for socially and politically disenfranchised groups. Knowledge is always within a social context and is always bound to power relationships. A nurse cannot assign power and control to an individual. The individual must take on power, although perhaps with the nurse's guidance.