The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by
A) lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3.
B) C5-C9.
C) antigen-antibody reactions.
D) factors released from phagocytes.
E) factors released from damaged tissues.
A
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In humans, if the SRY gene is not expressed, the unspecialized gonads develop into
A) testes. B) ovaries. C) a tumorous mass. D) gametes.
Two evolutionary hypotheses on the function of fever have been suggested: A fever may reflect manipulation of the host by the pathogen, to the pathogen's benefit, or a fever may be an adaptive response by the host to help to control the pathogen
itself. Studies on whether the use of fever-reducing drugs were helpful or interfered with the body's ability to fight the pathogen ________. A) supported the hypothesis that fevers are a manipulation of the host by the pathogen B) supported the hypothesis that fevers are an adaptive response to the pathogen C) supported both of these hypotheses, but in different contexts D) were inconclusive
Which of the following is NOT a desirable characteristic of an ideal antimicrobial agent?
A) it is inexpensive. B) it is stable during storage. C) it is harmless to humans. D) it only arrests growth of vegetative cells. E) it acts quickly.
A compound is extracted from a microbial culture and is modified in the laboratory for use as an oral medication. This product would be a(n)
A) antibiotic. B) analog. C) semisynthetic antimicrobial. D) synthetic antimicrobial. E) probiotic.