Which of the following early forms of parole originated on Norfolk Island in the nineteenth century and allowed the release of prisoners who had proven themselves through work and good behavior?
a. open institution
b. leave system
c. prisoner reentry
d. ticket of leave
d
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Differential association theory is the brainchild of criminologist ______.
A. Edwin Sutherland B. Gabriel Tarde C. Ronald Akers D. Walter Reckless
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Race and traditions of discrimination toward African Americans have stymied their ability to assimilate. 2. During WWII, over 100,000 German Americans were put in internment camps. 3. According to the Supreme Court, law enforcement officials are not required to verify immigration status. 4. The war on drugs reduced the disproportionate representation of minorities in correctional institutions. 5. The war on drugs was initiated by President Nixon.
Which of the following may not constitute voluntary participation?
a. give students who complete the research questionnaire extra credit b. allow students to fill out a questionnaire on their own time, and when they finish put them, in a box outside the departmental secretary's office c. ask that students fill out a questionnaire and not include their name or student identification number d. for in-class questionnaires, have the professor leave the room while they are being filled out and turned in, and allow students to remain anonymous
Which of the following is the most extensive program using pretrial supervision?
a. Florida Department of Corrections b. Pretrial Services of the U.S. Courts c. U.S. Supreme Court d. None of the above