Which are factors that are known to influence the immune response? (Select all that apply.)
a. age e. nutritional status
b. occupation f. stress
c. sex g. dental status
d. skin color h. treatment modalities
A, C, E, F
Although the exact physiological mechanisms involved are unknown, it has been well documented that several factors influence the immune response (body's reaction to substances identified as nonself, neutralization of antigen). These include age, sex, nutritional status, stress, and treatment modalities. As one ages, the immune system becomes less effective. Sex hormones affect immunity; estrogen enhances immunological functioning, while androgen suppresses it. Therefore, women are especially prone to autoimmune diseases, whereas men are more prone to immunosuppressive disorders. Poor nutritional status and emotional stress lead to increased susceptibility to infections. Radiation therapy and a variety of medications, such as corticosteroids and chemotherapeutic agents, suppress the immune system.
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