In one well-known study on empathy, participants had to watch a confederate ("Elaine") receive electric shocks. They were told either that they had to watch 10 full trials of shocks, or that they could leave after watching the first two trials only. They were also told that their values and interests were similar to those of the confederate (similar group), or that their values and interests were
different from those of the confederate (dissimilar group). After the first two trials had been completed, participants were asked whether they would switch places with the confederate—she was apparently very upset by the shocks due to a negative childhood experience with electricity. The researchers found that, in the similar group, ____ agreed to switch places.
a. virtually everyone
b. virtually everyone in the 10-trial group but only some in the two-trial group
c. virtually everyone in the 10-trial group but virtually no one in the two-trial group
d. equal numbers of people (a little more than half) in both the two-trial group and the 10-trial group
A
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When family members or close friends provide an important historical perspective on a person's traits, especially if they themselves have no mental disorder, we are receiving a(n)
a. unbiased survey. b. informant report. c. psychological diagnosis. d. structured questionnaire survey.
Which of the following best describes the underlying reason for the idea that positive psychology needs to be more attentive to specific interpretations of strengths?
A. Knowing specific interpretations helps researchers understand which interpretation is superior. B. The definitions of strengths and virtues can be passed on to all citizens to increase multicultural competence. C. An understanding of virtues allows researchers to know which society is lacking in the development of psychological strengths. D. The meanings of strengths and virtues can be drastically different between cultures, and these differences are typically unexplored.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three ways to increase your feelings?
a. Watch the situation from inside yourself b. Stay in the present c. Describe your feelings d. Watch the situation as on a movie screen
Children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences are called
A) emergent literacy. B) phonological speech. C) private speech. D) interactive literacy.