Name two proteins that are required in each stage of translation in eukaryotic cells. Briefly explain each protein's function.

---

Answer: The two proteins that are involved in a translation process is Aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase and Peptidyl transferase. For their role in the translation process, please refer to the explanation part.

Explanation: Aminoactyl-tRNA-synthetase is also known as t-RNA and is responsible for the proper attachment of the amino group with tRNA. The reaction between the amino acid and tRNA is the esterification reaction. There are nearly 20 different types of aa-tRNA which are produced from 20 different types of Aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase, respectively. This enzyme is present at the A-site of the ribosomal structure and undergoes a nucleophilic attack on the ester carbon that is present in the P-site of the enzyme and creates a tetrahedral intermediate. This enzyme ensures proper attachment of the amino acid. If in case, a different or wrong amino acid is attached, then it undergoes an editing reaction and immediately hydrolyzes that respective bond.

Peptidyl transferase function always starts from the P-site of the ribosomal structure, where tRNA is already attached and results in the formation of the peptide chain. During the translation process, Peptidyl transferase enhances the formation of the peptide bond to the adjacent position of amino acids using tRNA.  The prominent role of this enzyme is lowering the activation energy by providing proper orientation to the substrates within the reaction. It consists of water molecules in the active site and provides electrostatic environment for all the tetrahedral intermediates, which helps to stabilize them during the biochemical reaction.