Cognitive dissonance is the idea that

a. political leaders learn from previous successes and failures and adjust their behavior accordingly to maximize the likelihood of future successes.
b. explains both individual political behavior and collective actions.
c. assumes, short of a crisis, that government officials will make small changes to existing policy rather than start from scratch when making policy decisions.
d. highlights the extent to which initial contact or experiences are filtered through past contacts or relationships with similar individuals or settings.
e. people do not like to hold obviously contradictory positions, leading them to reject evidence that may run counter to their initial beliefs about a particular topic.


E

Political Science

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Clauses in national laws that direct state and local governments to do something specified by the national government are known as

A. declarations. B. preemptive clauses. C. mandates. D. categorical grants. E. supplementary clauses.

Political Science

Discuss and identify key features of the political culture of the United States.

What will be an ideal response?

Political Science

Which of the following is NOT a method by which representatives learn about their constituents’ opinions?

a. voting b. interest group lobbying c. individual scaling, writing letters, or emailing their representatives d. focus groups

Political Science

Countries and U.S. states that use double-ballot elections include:

a. Britain and New York. b. Britain and California. c. Germany and Iowa. d. France and Georgia.

Political Science