Some specific phobias are more common than others and very hard to extinguish, such as a fear of snakes. A biological explanation that distinguishes these hard-to-extinguish fears from other fears is that they:
A. are a result of abnormal activity of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and GABA.
B. may be genetically based because they contributed to the survival of the species in the past.
C. develop because of damage to the pathways between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex.
D. are learned through both classical and operant conditioning.
Answer: B
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Racial differences have been found with respect to anxiety disorders among European Americans, African Americans, and Hispanics within the United States
a. Many b. Few c. Major d. Minor
The tendency for experienced cocaine users to undergo a drop in core body temperature while viewing paraphernalia associated with cocaine use probably results from
A. changes in enzymes. B. changes in the number of receptor sites. C. changes in receptor sensitivity. D. classical conditioning.
In a particular situation, which of the following statements would reflect the cognitive component of the associated emotion?
A. "Would that joke work translated to Spanish?" B. "My eyes are watering." C. "I'm surprised and amused." D. "I'm laughing so hard now."
Gabriella and Gaetane are twins. They take all the same classes in high school and participate in the same extracurricular activities. Every year, as soon as classes end and summer vacation begins, Gabriella comes down with a cold or sinus infection, but Gaetane always stays healthy. How does cognitive appraisal help to explain the difference in the girls' susceptibility to illness?
A. Gaetane is less likely to think that the events are stressful and probably has better strategies for coping with stress. B. Gabriella has a somewhat pessimistic attitude, whereas Gaetane tends to be optimistic when facing stress. C. Gaetane probably inherited more genes that make her resilient even in a stress-filled environment. D. Gabriella is more likely to seek out friends when she's stressed, whereas Gaetane tends to deal with it alone.