Which of the following can either be the onset of an unpleasant event or the removal of a positive state of affairs?
a. negative reinforcement.
b. punishment.
c. a primary threat.
d. discriminative stimuli.
b. punishment. (Punishment also occurs when a reinforcer or positive state of affairs is removed, such as losing privileges.)
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Glutamate opens sodium gates, enabling sodium ions to enter the postsynaptic cell. What type of effect is this?
a. metabotropic b. ionotropic c. modulatory d. orthodromic
Although it can be hard to distinguish between depression and sadness, doctors often use __________ and ____________
a. gender; expectations b. irrational beliefs; hallucinations c. duration; intensity d. delusions; well-being
In longitudinal research, __________ gained most in dominance, assertiveness, and outspokenness by their early fifties
A) women who stayed at home to raise children B) women who attained high status in their careers C) nonworking women who had no children D) non-college-educated women with part-time jobs
In dual-earner marriages, role overload is __________ for __________ and is linked to __________
A) greater; men; increased psychological stress B) greater; women; child behavior problems C) similar; men and women; less effective parenting D) similar; men and women; more traditional gender roles