Andrea asks Olivia to meet her by the tree in the “free speech area” on campus to discuss the upcoming Student Government campaign. Olivia can think of a variety of trees in that space (oak, maple, pear, and magnolia). These associations with “tree” are the __________ meanings.

A. Signified
B. Sign
C. Signifier
D. None of the above


A. Signified

Communication & Mass Media

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In a newspaper gossip column, Sally wrote that she did not like Sam’s hair, which he had dyed purple. Sam felt insulted and sued Sally for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Sam will ______.

a. win the lawsuit because Sally insulted him b. win the lawsuit if he can prove actual malice c. lose the lawsuit because insults are not outrageous d. lose the lawsuit if Sally can prove actual malice

Communication & Mass Media

As you determine value for each fact, you should consider your audience’s ______.

A. age B. gender C. needs and interests D. location

Communication & Mass Media

The last step of the motivated sequence is:

A. Need B. Satisfaction C. Action D. Visualization E. Attention

Communication & Mass Media

If a speaker has trouble finding words to convey his or her ideas or sends contradictory nonverbal symbols, listeners may not be able to _________ the speaker’s verbal and nonverbal symbols back into a message

A) encode B) codify C) decode D) externalize

Communication & Mass Media