Describe/summarize the four major stages of catabolism
• Stage 1: complex molecules are broken down into their fundamental building blocks.
glycogenolysis – glycogen ? glucose
proteolysis – protein ? amino acids
lipolysis – triglycerides ? fatty acids and glycerol molecules
• Stage 2: glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol enter specific pathways in which each is converted into an intermediate product that can enter the citric acid cycle.
• Stage 3: intermediate products formed during Stage 2 enter the citric acid cycle and are broken down further to form carbon dioxide, releasing energy in the process. Much of the energy released during Stage 3 of metabolism is transferred to the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD, forming NADH + H+ and FADH2, respectively. In addition, small amounts of ATP are formed via substrate phosphorylation.
• Stage 4: begins when NADH + H+ and FADH2 enter the electron transport chain. The energy-yielding pathways of oxidative phosphorylation operate in nearly all cells to produce energy for cellular activities.
You might also like to view...
________ is a condition characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine of a pregnant woman.
a. Preeclampsia b. Gestational diabetes c. Teratogenic hypertension d. Pregnancy-induced blood pressure crisis e. Malignant renal hypertension syndrome
Animal products tend to have to have a fairly constant vitamin level, but the vitamin content of fruit and vegetables may vary depending on factors such as sunlight, moisture, and growing conditions.
a. true b. false
_______________ are estrogen-like plant chemicals
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
When the pancreatic juices mix with chyme in the small intestine, the pH of the resulting mixture is ____
A) ?equal to that of the pancreatic juices B) ?unchanged C) ?strongly alkaline D) ?approximately neutral