How did the way people considered the politics of new states change in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
What will be an ideal response?
A. Changes in political thought
1. French political philosopher, Jean Bodin, formulated the doctrine of
sovereignty in 1576
a. state had the sole right to make laws and distribute justice
2. in 1513, the Florentine historian and office-seeker Niccolò Machiavelli
challenged traditional thinking
a. recommended lying, cheating, ruthlessness, and injustice, with
no apparent concession to morality
b. the doctrine of realpolitik, which says that the state is not
subject to moral laws and serves only itself
c. any excesses are permissible to ensure the state's survival
3. European state system needed international laws
a. Spanish Jesuit theologian Francisco Suárez (1548–1617 ) solved
the problem in a radical way
1. advocated laws "created by the authority of the whole
world"—not just pacts or agreements between states
b. in 1625, the Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius worked out the system
that prevailed until the late twentieth century
1. natural law obliged states to respect each other's
sovereignty
2. treaties were contracts, enforceable by war
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Which religion took root in West Africa in the eleventh century?
A) Christianity B) Buddhism C) Islam D) ancestor worship
In his Discourse on Method, René Descartes attacked __________.
A. Locke's method B. the use of reason alone C. the church D. intellectual authority
Examine Table 7-2. What patterns emerge regarding free black populations in cities over time?
A) Only southern cities experienced free black population growth. B) Only northern cities experienced free black population growth. C) Both northern and southern cities experienced free black population growth. D) Black populations declined in both northern and southern cities.
The first person to use race to explain history was ________
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).