What causes the opening and closing of the heart valves?

A. stimulation by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
B. a pressure difference on the two sides of the valve
C. Na+ and K+ fluxes during ventricular depolarization
D. turbulent flow in the atria and ventricles
E. the action of the papillary muscles and chordae tendineae


B

Anatomy & Physiology

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