Which of the following is not included the three essential elements for crime to occur according to routine activity theorists?

a. Motivated offenders
b. Suitable targets
c. An absence of guardianship
d. Social disorganization


d. Social disorganization

Criminal Justice

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_____________ are automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

Criminal Justice

The first most important quality of a sample is ______ data are collected, and the second is the sample size.

a. where b. how c. when d. why

Criminal Justice

Community service as a criminal sanction began in the United States in 1966 in:

A. New York. B. Ohio. C. Florida. D. California.

Criminal Justice

A written statement of fact, supported by oath or affirmation and submitted to judicial officers to fulfill the requirements of probable cause for obtaining a warrant, is the definition of:

A) the totality of circumstances. B) an affidavit. C) probable cause. D) reasonable suspicion. E) a stop.

Criminal Justice