List and explain the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture
What will be an ideal response?
Step 1 is hematoma formation. A hematoma, or blood-filled swelling, forms when bone breaks and blood vessels rupture. Bone cells are deprived of nutrition and die.
Step 2 is fibrocartilage callus formation. The site of damage experiences growth of new capillaries into the clotted blood and disposal of dead tissue by phagocytes. Connective tissue cells of various types form a mass of repair tissue called fibrocartilage callus. This fibrocartilage callus contains several elements: some cartilage matrix, some bony matrix, and collagen fibers. This fibrocartilage callus acts to splint the broken bone, closing the gap.
Step 3 is bony callus formation. As more osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the area and multiply, fibrocartilage is gradually replaced by a callus of spongy bone (the bony callus).
Step 4 is bone remodeling. Over the next few months, bony callus is remodeled in response to the mechanical stresses placed on it, so that it forms a strong, permanent patch at the fracture site.
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Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the
A) right atrium. B) right ventricle. C) left atrium. D) left ventricle. E) conus arteriosus.
If the following hypothetical conditions exist in the nephron, calculate the net filtration pressure.Glomerular capillary pressure = 80 mmHgBlood colloid osmotic pressure = 20 mmHgCapsular hydrostatic pressure = 10 mmHg
A. 90 mmHg B. 30 mmHg C. 20 mmHg D. 50 mmHg E. 110 mmHg
Which type of cartilage makes up the larynx, costal cartilage, the ends of long bones, and the fetal skeleton?
A. Dense regular cartilage B. Fibrocartilage C. Hyaline cartilage D. Compact cartilage E. Elastic cartilage
From what do both lanugo and the vernix caseosa protect the fetus?
A) urine B) blood C) amniotic fluid D) fat