Describe Carl Rogers's approach to personality.
What will be an ideal response?
Rogers believed that each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment. We are endowed with an innate sense-a gut feeling-that allows us to evaluate whether an experience is good or bad for us. Finally, we are all born with a need for positive regard from others. We need to be loved, liked, or accepted by people around us. Unhappiness arises when our need for positive regard from others is not met unconditionally. Unconditional positive regard is Rogers's term for being accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of one's behavior. Unfortunately, others often value us only when we behave in particular ways that meet what Rogers called conditions of worth. Conditions of worth are the standards we must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others. According to Rogers, as we grow up, people who are central to our lives condition us to move away from our genuine feelings, to earn their love by pursuing those goals that they value, even if those goals do not reflect our deepest wishes. Rogers's theory includes the idea that we develop a self-concept, our conscious representation of who we are and who we wish to become, during childhood. Optimally, this self-concept reflects our genuine, innate desires, but it also can be influenced by conditions of worth. Conditions of worth can become part of who we think we ought to be. As a result, we can become alienated from our genuine feelings and strive to actualize a self that is not who we were meant to be. A person who dedicates himself or herself to such goals might be very successful by outward appearances but might feel utterly unfulfilled. Such an individual might be able to check off all the important boxes in life's to-do lists, and to do all that he or she is "supposed to do," but never feel truly happy.
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Today, psychology is defined as the study of mental processes and behavior. How have the works of early schools of thought (e.g., Wilhelm Wundt's structuralism, William James’s functionalism, Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis, and John Watson’s behaviorism) contributed to today’s definition of psychology?
What will be an ideal response?
In a study in which psychopaths and normal people were shown extremely grisly and unpleasant photographs, the psychopaths reacted in which way to the photographs?
a. The psychopaths were visibly startled by the photographs just as normal people were. b. The psychopaths pretended unconvincingly to be startled by the photographs. c. The psychopaths showed no startle response to the photographs. d. The psychopaths were visibly attracted and aroused by the photographs.
Which term refers to a set of understandings about our connections with others in the world?
a) Faith b) Religiosity Consider This: Everyone has this set of assumptions. LO 9.3: Discuss spiritual development in terms moral reasoning and faith c) Spirituality Consider This: Everyone has this set of assumptions. LO 9.3: Discuss spiritual development in terms moral reasoning and faith d) Morality Consider This: Everyone has this set of assumptions. LO 9.3: Discuss spiritual development in terms moral reasoning and faith
Why are men more likely to experience great hearing loss than women in middle adulthood? They are more likely to ____
a. listen to very loud music, which causes damage to the inner ear b. be employed in places where there would be chronic exposure to loud noises c. smoke, which causes irreversible harm to the outer and middle ear d. not spend as much time trying to listen to what other people are saying