Insulin resistance occurs when:
A) autoantibodies break down insulin before it can be utilized by the body.
B) the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine renders insulin less effective.
C) the pancreas produces enough insulin, but the body cannot utilize it effectively.
D) the body produces excessive insulin, which causes a profound drop in blood glucose.
Answer: C) the pancreas produces enough insulin, but the body cannot utilize it effectively.
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Hydroxyurea is a common drug treatment for sickle cell anemia patients. Hydroxyurea improves sickle cell symptoms because it
A) causes more hemoglobin alpha chains to be produced improving oxygen transport. B) causes more hemoglobin beta chains to be produced improving oxygen transport. C) increases the free iron in plasma. D) stimulates the production of fetal hemoglobin improving oxygen transport. E) increases the production of heme.
Both insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones that target liver cells. The responses of the target cells to these two hormones are exactly the opposite of each other. This information implies that
A) each of the two hormones uses a different second messenger. B) one of the hormones does not interact with a membrane receptor. C) both hormones interact with receptors at the cell nucleus. D) one hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane and the other to an intracellular receptor.
Which of the following best describes juxtaglomerular cells?
A. They are target cells for aldosterone. B. They are found in the distal convoluted tubule. C. They are modified smooth muscle cells found in the afferent arteriole. D. They respond to parasympathetic stimulation. E. They occupy the cleft between the afferent and efferent arterioles.
A 52-year-old man undergoes surgery to biopsy iliac lymph nodes. The physician tells the patient that it is important to identify the peripheral spinal nerves to protect them from being damaged during the surgery. The most likely location to find the genitofemoral nerve is coursing along which of the following surfaces?
A. Anterior surface of the psoas major muscle B. Anterior surface of the quadratus lumborum muscle C. Inferior surface of the iliacus muscle D. Inferior surface of rib 12 E. Medial surface of the quadratus lumborum muscle F. Medial surface of psoas major muscle