Alon claimed that a tincutre of a local herb was effective in lowering anxiety and was planning to invest in the product. As evidence of his claim, Alon, who had anxiety over his financial situation, said that he felt much better after the treatemt, was much more relaxed, and no longer worried about his finances. Which of the following combinations of methodological flaws BEST characterizes Alon's investigation?
a) lack of an appropriate outcome measure
b) lack of appropriate controls and lack of an appropriate outcome measure
c) lack of randomization, lack of replication, and lack of an appropriate outcome measure
d) lack of replication and lack of appropriate controls
e) lack of an appropriate outcome measure, replication, randomization, and controls
Answer: e) lack of an appropriate outcome measure, replication, randomization, and controls
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