Which statement correctly describes the effects of various pain factors?
a. Higher prostaglandin levels arising from dysmenorrhea can blunt the pain of childbirth.
b. Upright positions in labor increase the pain factor because they cause greater fatigue.
c. Women who move around trying different positions are experiencing more pain.
d. Levels of pain-mitigating ?-endorphins are higher during a spontaneous, natural childbirth.
ANS: D
Higher endorphin levels help women tolerate pain and reduce anxiety and irritability. Higher prostaglandin levels correspond to more severe labor pains. Upright positions in labor usually result in improved comfort and less pain. Moving freely to find more comfortable positions is important for reducing pain and muscle tension.
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