What do early studies find regarding female gang membership?
a. Females played a regular, active part of gang life.
b. Female gang members had a sexualized role in gangs.
c. Females regularly formed independent gangs.
d. Females gang members were usually treated as equals by male gang members.
B
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Crime control policies that push crime into other neighborhoods is a problem known as
a. diffusion. b. displacement. c. redirection. d. confusion.
What 1980 study led to recommendations to improve services to crime victims for criminal justice personnel, the medical community, the social service and victim advocacy communities, and other agencies that worked with victims?
A. Victim of Crime Study B. Justice for All Study C. New Directions From the Field Study D. President’s Task Force on Victims of Crime study
What is a similarity between the duties of early female and Black police officers?
A. Both were given titles other than “police officer” until the early 1900s. B. Both were forbidden to work in plain clothes. C. Both were mainly responsible for policing communities and individuals who shared their characteristics. D. The first officers of both groups were hired by the Los Angeles Police Department.
How has the Court ruled on the right to state-funded counsel for indigent defendants during the appeals process?
A. The right extends through the first obligatory appeal but not to discretionary appeals. B. The right extends through discretionary appeals, including appeals to the Supreme Court. C. The right extends to all discretionary appeals except to the U.S. Supreme Court. D. The right does not extend to any appeals.