Discuss what is meant in an experimental design by covert manipulation and how this strategy may be useful.
What will be an ideal response?
Ans: Varies.
A covert or indirect manipulation is used to create the desired variation in the independent variable without instruction or knowledge of the desired response, such as smile or frown while rating funniness levels of comics. Manipulated responses can help rule out that findings are confounded by unrecognized differences in the dependent variable measures in terms of difficulty between the condition levels of the independent variable. For instance, smiling and frowning in the Strack et al. (1988) study either held a pen between the lips to inhibit smiling, or else held the pen between the teeth to facilitate smiling.
You might also like to view...
Pascal has a mental age of 15 and a chronological age of 20 . Using the IQ formula from the text, Pascal's IQ would be described as
a. below average. b. average. c. slightly above average. d. significantly above average. e. none of these; it cannot be determined with the information provided.
Clients who participate in changing their own behaviors
a. show faster recovery times. b. are more likely to maintain the change. c. are less likely to drop out of treatment. d. show a greater decrease in symptoms.
The current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual provides the most widely used system for __________ psychological disorders
a. curing c. treating b. classifying d. identifying the causes of
A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows is called
a. positive reinforcement. c. self-efficacy. b. negative reinforcement. d. punishment.