Discuss what is meant in an experimental design by covert manipulation and how this strategy may be useful.

What will be an ideal response?


Ans: Varies.

A covert or indirect manipulation is used to create the desired variation in the independent variable without instruction or knowledge of the desired response, such as smile or frown while rating funniness levels of comics. Manipulated responses can help rule out that findings are confounded by unrecognized differences in the dependent variable measures in terms of difficulty between the condition levels of the independent variable. For instance, smiling and frowning in the Strack et al. (1988) study either held a pen between the lips to inhibit smiling, or else held the pen between the teeth to facilitate smiling.

Psychology

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