Which of the following statements about resuscitation is true?
a. Family members should never be present during resuscitation.
b. It is not necessary for a physician to write "do not resuscitate" orders in the chart if a patient has a healthcare surrogate.
c. "Slow codes" are ethical and should be considered in futile situations if advanced directives are not available.
d. Withholding "extraordinary" resuscitation is legal and ethical if specified in advance directives and physician orders.
D
Withholding resuscitation and other care is legal and ethical if based on the patient's wishes. Formal orders should be written that specify what is to be done if a patient suffers a cardiopulmonary arrest. Family presence during resuscitation and invasive procedures should be encouraged. A written order for "do not resuscitate" must be documented in the medical record. The decision to write the order is made in collaboration with the healthcare surrogate. "Slow codes" sometimes occur in the clinical setting while attempts are made to contact the healthcare surrogate or proxy; however, they are neither legal nor ethical. Specific written orders determine what is to be done for resuscitation efforts.
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