Choose one historical example of why research ethics became necessary. Describe the study, and its ethical concerns
What will be an ideal response?
Nazi Biomedical Research: Doctors exposed subjects to freezing temperatures, live viruses, poisons, malaria, and an assortment of untested drugs in the name of science against their will. There was no consent, and obvious abuse of patient health and rights. Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Researchers began study of men infected with syphilis before a cure existed. After penicillin was found to treat syphilis, researchers actively tried to keep subjects from obtaining knowledge of cure through free health services and doctor manipulation. They then provided free burial services in order to obtain autopsies of the subjects. Subjects were harmed and did not consent to be part of this study. It was an obvious abuse of a minority population. Guatemala Syphilis Study: Researchers purposely infected mental patients, prisoners, and soldiers with syphilis through cooperation with infected prostitutes to test the effectiveness of penicillin. This study targeted people of color and did not obtain consent from participants while putting them at risk. The Milgram Experiment: Milgram exposed participants to emotional duress to observe the tendency to obey authority figures even against one's personal ethics by leading participants to believe they were physically harming others through shock treatments. Zimbardo's Interaction between Inmates and Guards Study: Zimbardo created a fictitious jail environment to observe the dynamic in place between guards (in authority) and inmates. He failed to end the study even when subjects became verbally and physically abusive. CIA's ARTICHOKE Project: This study attempted to determine how to obtain information from a person against his or her will or knowledge. It administered electroshock, LSD, and drugs to induce memory loss and amnesia to unwitting citizens and members of the armed forces. Humphreys' Study of Casual Homosexual Encounters: Humphreys observed private encounters between consenting homosexual men and then used license plate information to track men to their homes, where he posed as a survey taker to obtain further information about their lives. Conducted during a time when homosexuality was illegal, he subjected individuals to considerable risk, and concealed his identity and intentions during interactions with them.
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Randomized experiments are identified as the ideal approach to program evaluation because
a. they are strong in establishing cause-and-effect relationships. b. they are simple and cheap. c. they are easy to implement in a field setting. d. they are a favorite of staff personnel.
Mindfulness has been integrated into two therapy approaches that have shown great promise in treating a wide range of clinical conditions. What are they?
A) Humanistic therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy B) Dialectical behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy C) Humanistic therapy and existential therapy D) Dialectical behavioral therapy and existential therapy
The establishment of professional human services organizations served many purposes including
a. the development of funding opportunities b. influencing legislation c. determining who received services d. the regulation of a profession or its workers
Which type of leader needs respect from employees and focuses on production?
a. Expressive b. Theory Y c. Humanitarian d. Instrumental