How does open-system theory interact with the environment?
What will be an ideal response?
Supporters of the open-system theory see an organization as something akin to a biological organism like a plant or an animal living in the environment. An organization is a system that receives inputs of resources (equipment, supplies, the energies of employees), which it throughputs and transforms to yield outputs (products or services). Such a system also operates a feedback loop. Some feedback can be negative and can help flag problems that must be corrected, and some feedback can be positive and can help identify things that work well. This information can adjust the inputs and the system so that it produces better outputs at a lower cost.
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In the view of Cummings and Wise, which of the following contributes to what they refer to as "dualism" in the American political process?
A) tradition and history B) the electoral system C) the constitutional requirement for a two-party system D) a and b E) none of the above
The founders' opposition to prior restraint showed their commitment to freedom of religion.
a. true b. false
Behavioral research should be designed so that
a. the researcher can identify factors that are related to behavioral variability b. behavioral variability is eliminated c. variability among participants is maximized d. behavioral variability is due to only one factor e. participants' behavior does not vary across conditions
Under the __________ test, the First Amendment forbids government practices that a reasonable observer would view as supporting religion
a. nonpreferentialist b. strict separation c. Lemon d. endorsement