What makes Listeria monocytogenes an especially difficult-to-prevent foodborne pathogen? Once in the human body, how does it evade the immune system?
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: L. monocytogenes grows well at refrigerator temperatures of 4 °C, because it is psychrotolerant, so even properly stored foods are suitable for growth of the pathogen. Once phagolysosomes of the pathogen are made in response to its presence in the gastrointestinal tract, they are lysed by a listeriolysin produced by L. monocytogenes. The pathogen propagates in the cytoplasm and pushes itself into the cytoplasmic membrane where it forms filopod protrusions. Other surrounding cells ingest the protruded filopods, and the entire proliferation cycle can continue while evading antibodies, complement, and neutrophils.
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Angiotensin II acts directly in the hypothalamus to stimulate what?
A) the release of oxytocin B) an increase in body temperature C) the release of aldosterone D) an increase in thirst E) a systemic increase in blood pressure
Farmers often grow legumes such as soybeans every few years and plow much of the plant parts into the soil. What does this practice mainly serve?
a. to replenish the soil with useful forms of carbon b. to replenish the soil with useful forms of nitrogen c. to replenish the soil with useful forms of phosphorus d. to replenish the soil with useful forms of oxygen
Which statement is true about the development of the theory of evolution?
A. Evolution from a common ancestor was proposed 100 years before Darwin's Origin of Species. B. Darwin was the first to propose evolution. C. In Darwin's time most people believed that different organisms evolved from a common ancestor, but they did not know how. D. Initial experiments performed by Darwin did not support his hypothesis.
A(n) ________ is a group of similar cells that perform the same function
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word