Describe each of the five criteria for identifying a causal effect and provide an example of each.
What will be an ideal response?
Association—variation in one variable is related to variation in another variable; time
order—the variation in the dependent variable occurred after the variation in the
independent variable; nonspuriousness—when a relationship between two variables is not
due to a variation in a third variable; mechanism—a discernible process that creates a causal connection between two variables; context—a particular outcome is understood as
part of a larger set of interrelated circumstances.
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Since the industrial revolution, America has seen a sharp increase in air pollution, which has had a deleterious effect on the planet's ozone layer. Air pollution also has a direct impact upon ______.
A. increased risk of lung cancer B. life expectancy C. infant mortality D. alternative energy availability
Standardized tests
a. can be changed in terms of time limits. b. can be modified so that students do as well as possible. c. can be quickly developed by teachers for students in their class. d. are informal measures. e. require that prescribed procedures be followed during the administration of the test.
The difference between "acute stress disorder" and "post-traumatic stress disorder" in DSM-IV is
A. the length of time following trauma and length of time symptoms are experienced. B. the degree of trauma. C. that more somaticizing accompanies accompanies acute stress disorder. D. that PTSD has more flashback symptoms and occurs over a period of at least one month.
According to Freud, this part of the personality represents the formation of morality and is influenced by the values of parents and society
A. Ego B. Id C. Superego D. Erogenous zones