Which of the following are beneficial effects of using a holding chamber with a metered dose inhaler (MDI)?
1. Reduction in oropharyngeal aerosol deposition
2. Decrease in need for hand-breath coordination
3. Elimination of medication waste
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: A
Spacers and valved holding chambers are pressurized MDI accessory devices designed to reduce both oropharyngeal deposition and the need for hand-breath coordination.
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