Describe the stages of carcinogenesis and relate how dietary elements can modify this process.
What will be an ideal response?
Carcinogenesis is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. It is complex and moves through several stages. The stages are:Activation (from inactive or quiescent state)Initiation (injury or insult to DNA by a carcinogen such as free radicals, toxin, virus, or radiation)Promotion (damaged DNA divides during a lag period, potentially over 10–30 years)Progression (uncontrolled growth of cancer cells)Invasion and metastasis (spread to other tissues and organs)Possible remission (successful treatment or reversal)Aflatoxins, red meat, and alcohol can promote damage, while cruciferous vegetables and phytoestrogens in soybeans can inhibit the process.
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Between the ages of 25 and 65, physical working capacity declines by _____% per decade
a. 1-2 b. 3-5 c. 5-10 d. 10-20 e. 30
What role does selenium have in cancer development?
a. the incidence of lung, prostate, and colon cancer decreased in one selenium-supplemented group. b. the incidence of skin cancer is low when selenium intake is high. c. selenium has no effect on cancer development d. selenium supplements have been shown to benefit the general population
Large doses of St. John's wort decrease prolactin levels in women. This could potentially:
a. reduce oxytocin levels. b. cause breast milk to taste like maple syrup. c. cause a woman to become constipated. d. reduce breast milk supply. e. cause depression in some women.
Segmentation propels or pushes food through the GI tract, while peristalsis mixes the food, with a more gradual pushing motion
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false