What would be exemplified by poor "overall flow of logic in the study," in terms of the second step of critical appraisal? (Select all that apply.)
a. The title of the study mentions "the effect of," but the study design is simple descriptive.
b. There was a 60% dropout; nonetheless, the researchers claimed that the sample was representative.
c. Statistical analyses used are all coherent with the variables' levels of measurement.
d. The study framework is gratuitous. It does not, in the slightest, help to explain the relationship between the principal study variables.
e. The problem statement and the purpose of the study aren't closely related. It seems like a big leap to get from the problem to the gap, and to the purpose.
ANS: A, B, D, E
The reader must examine the logical links connecting one study element with another. For example, the problem needs to provide background and direction for the statement of the purpose. In addition, you need to examine the overall flow of logic in the study. The variables identified in the study purpose need to be consistent with the variables identified in the research objectives, questions, or hypotheses. The variables identified in the research objectives, questions, or hypotheses need to be conceptually defined in light of the study framework. The conceptual definitions provide the basis for the development of operational definitions. The study design and analyses need to be appropriate for the investigation of the study purpose, as well as for the specific objectives, questions, or hypotheses. Most of the limitations or weaknesses in a study result from breaks in logical reasoning.
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