A nurse teaches a client who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Which statements related to nutrition should the nurse include in this client's teaching? (Select all that apply.)
a. "Avoid drinking fluids just before and during meals."
b. "Rest before meals if you have dyspnea."
c. "Have about six small meals a day."
d. "Eat high-fiber foods to promote gastric emptying."
e. "Increase carbohydrate intake for energy."
ANS: A, B, C
Fluids can make a client feel bloated and should be avoided with meals. Resting before the meal will help a client with dyspnea. Six small meals a day also will help to decrease bloating. Fibrous foods can produce gas, which can cause abdominal bloating and can increase shortness of breath. The client should increase calorie and protein intake to prevent malnourishment. The client should not increase carbohydrate intake as this will increase carbon dioxide production and increase the client's risk of for acidosis.
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