The family is considering withdrawing life-sustaining measures from the patient. The nurse knows that ethical principles for withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatments include which of the following?
a. Any treatment may be withdrawn and withheld, including nutrition, antibiotics, and blood products.
b. Doses of analgesic and anxiolytic medications must be adjusted carefully and should not exceed usual recommended limits.
c. Life-sustaining treatments may be withdrawn while a patient is receiving paralytic agents.
d. The goal of withdrawal and withholding of treatments is to hasten death and thus relieve suffering.
A
Any treatment that is used to sustain life, including nutrition, fluids, antibiotics, blood products, and respiratory support, may be withdrawn in consultation with the patient and/or surrogate provided that the patient has been deemed terminal or persistently vegetative. Any dose of anxiolytics or analgesics may be used to relieve suffering, although these may have the potential to hasten death. Life-sustaining treatment should not be withdrawn while the patient is receiving paralytic treatments. Death occurs as a consequence of the underlying disease, and the goal of care is to relieve suffering, not hasten death.
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