This diagram refers to correlational relationships. What does it mean? (Select all that apply.)
a. A negative relationship is smaller than no relationship.
b. A negative relationship occurs before a positive relationship.
c. Negative relationships evolve in a positive direction.
d. The strength of the relationship depends upon its numerical value, not the positive or negative sign preceding that number.
e. There is no strength in a negative or positive relationship.
f. A positive relationship is better than none; no relationship is better than a negative one.
g. The further away from 0, the stronger the relationship.
ANS: D, G
A relational statement declares that a relationship of some kind exists between or among two or more concepts. Relational statements describe the direction, shape, strength, symmetry, sequencing, probability of occurrence, necessity, and sufficiency of a relationship. Researchers usually determine the strength of the relationship between concepts by correlational analysis. The statistic r is the coefficient obtained by performing the statistical procedure known as Pearson's product moment correlation. A value of 0 indicates no strength, whereas a +1 or a –1 indicates the greatest strength, as in the diagram. The + or – does not have an impact on strength. For example, r = –0.35 is as strong as r = +0.35. The greater the strength of a relationship, the easier it is to detect relationships between the variables being studied.
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