All of the following were identified as criticisms of labeling theory by Bohm (1997) except that ______.
a. labeling is not a theory but a sensitizing concept
b. it does not explain primary deviance
c. it ignores individual difference among criminals
d. it has a complex view of the criminalization process
b. it does not explain primary deviance
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Demographic data is empirical
a. True b. False
Police arrested a prostitute who they caught performing oral sex on a customer in the customer's motor vehicle. Police seized a purse that turned out to be the prostitute's purse from within the customer's motor vehicle and searched the purse
Police discovered a used crack pipe. The search of the purse was done without probable cause to search the purse. The evidence of the crack pipe taken from the prostitute's purse should A) not be excluded from evidence against the prostitute since the prostitute had no standing to argue about a search in someone else's automobile. B) be excluded from admission into evidence against the prostitute because the police possessed no probable cause to search the purse. C) be excluded from admission into evidence against the prostitute since the police had no reason to search the customer's automobile for evidence of sexual activity. D) be admitted into evidence against the prostitute since the police would have discovered the crack pipe inevitably during routine booking procedures involving the prostitute's personal property or an inventory of the towed costumer's vehicle. E) none of the above statements is a correct response.
Suppose Jack is incarcerated in a facility where he makes shoes that are sold on the open market. He is subject to strict discipline and is not paid for his work. Jack is most likely incarcerated in a(n):
A. industrial prison. B. Pennsylvania prison. C. county jail. D. reformatory.
In screening the police procedures that are used during the accusatory stage of the criminal process, the courts recognize:
a. the needs of law enforcement and the privacy and liberty interests of individual citizens. b. the need to have standard procedures for investigating crimes c. the interests of crime victims d. the need to make an expeditious arrest