A patient asks a nurse, "The pamphlet I read about depression says psychosocial factors influence depression. What does that mean?" Which examples could the nurse cite to support the information? Select all that apply
a. Having a hostile family
b. Having an over- or underinvolved family
c. Having two first-degree relatives with bipolar disorder
d. Experiencing the sudden death of a parent or loved one
e. Feeling strong guilt over having an abortion when one's religion forbids it
f. Experiencing symptom remission when treated with an antidepressant medication
ANS: A, B, D, E
Family influence is considered a psychosocial factor affecting a patient's mental health. A hostile under- or overinvolved family is critical of the patient and contributes to low self-esteem. Religious influences are considered psychosocial in nature. Life experiences, especially crises and losses, are considered psychosocial influences on mental health. Having two first-degree relatives with bipolar disorder would be considered a factor that influences the individual's risk for mental disorder, but it is a genetic, not psychosocial, factor. Treatment with a biological agent such as an antidepressant medication is an example of a biological influence.
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