From the Italian Renaissance through the Age of Enlightenment
a. every level of society experienced more continuity than change.
b. radical changes in European civilization affected only the clergy.
c. radical changes in European civilization affected only the aristocratic elites.
d. the outlook and institutions of the Middle Ages disintegrated.
e. the outlook and institutions of the Middle Ages were strengthened.
d
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It is now estimated that 70 to 85 percent of the white colonists who went to Virginia and Maryland during the seventeenth century were __________.
a. not free b. Catholic c. women d. landowners
All of the following were causes of western commercial expansion during the High medieval period except the
A) eastern expansion due to German colonization near the Baltic. B) eastern expansion by crusaders over two centuries. C) seizure of Muslim Egypt from Saladin. D) creation of the hansa. E) seizure of Constantinople and lucrative Black Sea trade.
The turning point on the Eastern Front was the battle of
A. Leningrad. B. Stalingrad. C. Normandy. D. Warsaw. E. Berlin.
In 19th and 20th century Iran, the ulama
a. became an official branch of the Shi'ite government. b. served as a critical voice against the government. c. supported cooperation with European powers. d. promoted modernizing ideas and practices.