Martina's upstairs neighbors play their stereo loudly. Martina hates loud music and has found that if she bangs on the ceiling with a broom, they turn the volume down. Now, as soon as the loud music starts, Martina bangs on the ceiling and it is muted. This is an example of
A. positive reinforcement.
B. shaping.
C. escape conditioning.
D. avoidance conditioning.
Answer: C
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When a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained, it is referred to as
a. experimenter bias. b. subject bias. c. the sampling effect. d. the placebo effect.
How was it decided which volunteers were "prisoners" and which were "guards" in the Stanford Prison Experiment?
A. Those with greater authoritarian tendencies were chosen to be guards. B. Those with delinquency in their backgrounds were chosen to be prisoners. C. Those with the highest grades were chosen to be guards. D. The roles were randomly assigned.
The hygiene hypothesis purports that children today are overprotected from viruses and bacteria
Indicate whether this statement is true or false.
On average, children demonstrate their first stranger anxiety at around 8 months of age
Indicate whether this statement is true or false.